London - Downshire House

Downshire House Berkley Square London

Downshire House, 24 Berkley Square, was the London residence of Lord Pirrie, Chairman of the Harland And Wolf Shipyard.  

Berkley Square London

In July 1907, Bruce Ismay, Chairman of the White Start Line, dined  with Lord Pirrie. The topic at dinner was the White Start Lines rivals on the Atlantic Crossing, ,Cunard, newset ships the Lusitania and the Mauretania. The question as how would the White Star Line compete with Cunard.

Lord Pirrie                                                   Bruce Ismay

After dinner, Ismay and Bruce discussed the construction of three sister ships. The White Star Line looked to provide the most luxurious and comfortable accommodation, primarly aimed at wealthy passengers, though all three would have to be capable of significant speed. As a result, these three ships would make the White Star Line once again prominent on the Trans-Atlantic route.

The chosen names ascribed the three ships would signify might and powerful,t he biggest the world had ever seen; the Titanic, Olympic and Gigantic (would be actually named Britannic).


The Olympic and the Titanic would be nearly one and a half times larger than Mauretania and the Lusitania. Rough drawings were made of the three ships which envisaged three funnelled ships each with two or three masts. The final plans added a forth "dummy funnel" for ventilation but the ships would only have two masts.

Titanic Sketch - three funnels

Downshire House Berkley Square London
February 2019

Belfast - Harland & Wolf Offices

Harland and Wolf were formed in 1861 with a shipyard on Queens Island, Belfast. The Company was successful and to meet the needs of the expanding business, two drawing offices were built in 1885. Between 1900 and 1906 additional offices were added, including the Accounts Office. An administrative block was built in 1910, and an entrance block in 1911. In the following decade an additional floor was added.

Harland and Wolf Offices Belfast

Harland and Wolf Offices development

The Harland & Wolf Offices and Drawing Offices are now the Titanic Hotel Belfast.


Titanic Hotel Belfast

Titanic Hotel Belfast
Harland and Wolf Drawing Offices Belfast

Titanic Hotel Belfast
Harland and Wolf Drawing Offices Belfast

Titanic Hotel Belfast

It Belfast Drawing Offices of Harland and Wolf the concept of the Olympic Class ships was converted into detailed drawings. Under the direction of the chief draughtsman, Thomas Andrews, teams of draughtsmen and marine engineers created the plans for the new ships.

Thomas Andrews
Chief Draughtsman Harland and Wolf

Harland and Wolf Drawing Offices Belfast

Harland and Wolf Drawing Offices Belfast

Harland and Wolf Drawing Offices Belfast

Titanic Hotel Belfast
Harland and Wolf Drawing Offices Belfast

Titanic Hotel
Harland and Wolf Drawing Offices Belfast

Olympic Class Ships Blueprint

 

Olympic Class Ships Blueprint

Olympic Class Liner Drawing



In July 1908 the directors of the White Star Line travelled to Belfast to examine the final designs of the new Olympic Class ships.

Plans and models of the ship would have been shown in the Presentation Rooms.

Harland and Wolf
Presentation Room

Titanic Hotel Belfast
Presentation Room

Titanic Hotel Belfast
Titanic Model

On  the 31st July 1908 White Star Line signed the agreement with Harland & Wollf for the building of the Olympic Class Ships.

Belfast - Titanic Slipway

Harland and Wolff signed the agreement with the White Star Line to build the Olympic Class Ships on 31st July 1908. At 260 metres (850 feet) long, 28 metres (92 feet) wide and 46,000 tons the ships would be the biggest in the world, a problem for Harland & Wolff as they did not have a slipway big enough to build the ships.

To facilitate their construction two new slipways were built, big enough to allow two ships to be built along side each other. 


Harland and Wolf Shipyard Plan

A giant gantry was constructed around the two slipways by Sir William Arrol and Co of Glasgow. The structure was 256 metres (840 feet) long, 83 metres (270 feet) wide, 69.5 metres (228 feet) high. It had 4 electric lifts and a central crane imported from Germany to move the materiel for the construction of the ships.

Harland and Wolff Belfast
Arrol Gantry Plan

Harland and Wolff Belfast
Building the Slipways

Harland and Wolff Belfast
Constructing the Arrol Gantry



Harland and Wolff Belfast
Arrol Gantry



Harland and Wolff Belfast
Offices and Gantry

 The two ships were designated 400,the Olympic and 401, the Titanic. 

The keel of the Olympic was laid on 16th December 1908, and by the middle of March 1909 the double skinned bottom of the vessel was built and riveting was in progress. 

 

Harland and Wolf Belfast
Titanic Slipway and Olympic Slipway

Harland and Wolf Belfast
Olympic and Titanic Slipways

Titanic Slipway Belfast

Titanic Slipway Belfast



Titanic Slipway Belfast
VM in the Bow of the Titanic

Titanic Slipway Belfast
IJ in the Bow of the Titanic

   

 

 

 

 

Belfast - Titanic Design

Titanic Hotel Belfast
Titanic Model

 The Titanic would be 289 metres  (883 feet) long, 28 metres (93 feet) wide, and 18 metres (59 feet) high from the waterline. The structure would consist of 8 decks above a double bottom and the vessel would have four funnels. The ship would weigh over 46,000 tons.

Titanic could carry 3,547 passengers and crew.

 

 

The ship would be powered by two reciprocating four-cylinder, triple-expansion steam engines and one low-pressure Parsons turbine, which powered three propellers. This would give Titanic a top speed of 23 knots (43 kmh; 26 mph)To drive the engines there would be 29 boilers fired by 159 coal burning furnaces. The ship had three functional funnels, the fourth was to make the ship look more impressive than her rivals.

 

Titanic would have eight main decks built on a double plated bottom, and topped by the boat deck.

 The ship would be traversed by 15 major traverse bulkheads dividing the vessel into 16 watertight compartments. The front two bulkheads rose to the level of D deck, the remainder reached to E deck. 

The watertight compartments had doors that would close automatically if the water level reached a certain height. The ship was designed so that it could remain afloat if any two of the compartments were flooded or if the first four were flooded.

The decks consisted of:





     Boat Deck
A- Promenade Deck
B- Bridge Deck
C- Shelter Deck
D- Saloon Deck
E- Upper Deck
F- Middle Deck
G- Lower Deck
     Orlop Deck
     Tank Top

Belfast - Titanic Keel Laying

On the 31st March 1909 the keel of Titanic was laid. A monument on the Titanic Slipway Belfast commemorates the laying of the first plate.

Titanic Slipway Belfast
Titanic Keel Laying Commemoration
 

Titanic Slipway Belfast
 IJ Titanic Keel Laying Commemoration

Harland and Wolf Belfast
Titanic Keel 1909







 

Belfast - Titanic Hull Construction

The two Olympic Class ships, Olympic and Titanic would be built alongside side each other at Harland and Wolf Belfast Shipyard.

The shipyard numbers allocated were Olympic (400) and Titanic (401). Their hulls would be constructed under the giant Arrol Gantries on slipways 2 and 3.

Harland & Wolf Belfast Slipways 2 and 3

The keel of the Olympic as laid on the 16th December 1908 and by the time the Titanic's keel was laid on 31st March 1909 the double bottom was complete.

The keel consisted of steel plates  3.8cm (1.5 ins) thick, reducing to 3.0 cm (1.2 ins) thick at bow and stern. The keel plates were 132 cm (52cms) wide at their broadest point. Below the keel a 50cm (19.5 ins) 7.6 cm (3 ins) slab bar was added for additional protection.

Laying of the Titanic

Once the keel was laid the next stage was the construction of a double bottom, 160 cm (63 ins) deep at the centreline and 190 cm (75 inches) in the area of the Reciprocating Boiler Room.

The inner bottom (Tank Top) extended from the first major watertight bulkhead, A, to 6 metres (20 feet) in front of bulkhead P, the last major watertight bulkhead before the stern. The longitudinal and lateral girders created a series of 44 water tight cells.

 

Titanic's double bottom

On the 10th January 1910 the next stage of Titanic's construction, the assembly of the frame work, commenced. Tree hundred steel ribs were bent to the required shape and lowered individually into place.



Working on the double bottom

Framing the Titanic



Titanic framing in progress

The chairman of the White Star Line, Bruce Ismay visited the Belfast Works to inspect the progress on the construction of the two Olympic Class ships. He and Lord Pirrie would have seen Olympic almost fully plated and Titanic's framing nearing completion.

 

Lord Pirrie and Bruce Ismay Belfast Works 19th March 1910

Titanic framing in progress

By the 9th April 1910 Titanic was fully framed so plating could commence.  

Titanic framed - Olympic plated

 The steel  plates used on the Titanic 's shell were generally 9.1 metres (30 feet) long, 1.8 metres (6 feet) wide, the thickness varying between 2.5 cm (1 inch) and 3.8 cm (1.5 inches) thick. They weighted 2.5 to 3 tons. The largest steel plates were 11 metres (36 feet ) in length and weighed 4.5 tons.

 

Over 2,000 plates would be used for Titanic's outer skin. Three million rivets were used to hold the plates together. The rivets were heated, placed through holes in the steel plates and hammered together. Hydraulic machines were used for riveting, however at the bow and stern there was no room for the machines and riveting was done by hand.

 

Titanic being plated by hydraulic riveting machine

 

Titanic being plated by hand riveting

Titanic plated - Olympic ready to launch

The plating of the Titanic's hull was completed on the 19 October1910. The following day the Olympic was launched.

Launching of the Olympic 20th October 1910

Titanic after launching of the Olympic

Titanic's hull was completed in May 1911. From the laying of the keel to the hull being completed it had taken  792 days,  2 years, 2 months and 1 day.

Titanic prior to its launch

Titanic - Launch day